Ƙasa: Mongolia
Nau'in Abokin Ciniki: Filin kiwon shanu na matsakaicin girma da na tumaki (shanu 8,500, tumaki 12,000, aikin kiwon dabbobi zuwa ƙarshe)
Nau'in Abinci: Kwalaben abinci na Ruminant (sha'ir-alkama-hatsi-abincin ciyawa-rapeseed)
Kayan aiki: Hongyang HYPM-508 zobe pellet niƙa mai faɗi mai layuka biyu, injin niƙa guduma na SFSP, injin haɗa mashin mai shaft biyu, injin sanyaya ruwa na counter-flow
Yawan Abincin da ake samarwa a kowace shekara: tan 22,000
Babban Sakamako: PDI ya inganta daga kashi 86.2% zuwa kashi 94.6%; karuwar nauyin da ake samu a kowace rana a lokacin hunturu ta karu da kashi 15% (daga kilogiram 0.72 zuwa 0.83/rana ga shanu); farashin ciyarwa na shekara-shekara yana rage kusan MNT miliyan 87
Bayani
Sashen kiwon dabbobi na Mongolia shine ginshiƙin tattalin arzikin ƙasa, inda garken ya kai ga mutum miliyan 64.7 a shekarar 2023, wanda galibi ake sarrafa shi ta hanyar kiwo na gargajiya a faɗin hekta miliyan 112 na filayen kiwo na ƙasar. Duk da haka, wannan babban tsarin yana fuskantar matsin lamba mai yawa. Bankin Raya Asiya ya gano kiwo fiye da kima da sauyin yanayi a matsayin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da lalacewar wuraren kiwo, yana mai lura da cewa yawan kiwo ya wuce ƙarfin ɗaukar kaya a duk yankuna - daga kashi 106% a yamma zuwa kashi 2,672% mara dorewa a hanyar Ulaanbaatar. Rahoton ADB ya bayyana fannin kiwon dabbobi na Mongolia a matsayin wanda ke aiki a ƙarƙashin tsarin "mai amfani da mai kula" maimakon tsarin "mai samarwa da mai kiwon dabbobi", tare da makiyaya suna ɗaukar adadin dabbobi a matsayin nau'in tanadi maimakon mai da hankali kan yawan aiki ga kowane mutum.
Wannan lamari na "dzud" - mummunan hunturu bayan lokacin rani mai bushewa, wanda ke da alaƙa da dusar ƙanƙara mai zurfi, murfin kankara, da yanayin zafi da ke ƙasa da -40°C - ya zama ruwan dare a ƙarƙashin sauyin yanayi. Tsakanin 2000 da 2023, Mongolia ta fuskanci manyan abubuwan da suka faru na dzud guda shida. Lokacin hunturu na 2023-2024 kaɗai ya haifar da asarar dabbobi da suka wuce kawuna miliyan 5.9, waɗanda suka taru a tsakanin dabbobin da suka shiga hunturu cikin mummunan yanayin jiki saboda rashin isasshen abinci mai gina jiki. Dabarun ci gaban Mongolia na hangen nesa na 2050 ya ba da fifiko a fili ga sauyawa "daga jimlar yawan dabbobi zuwa yawan aiki gaba ɗaya," tare da Mataki na 1 (2021-2030) wanda ke nufin samar da abinci na zamani a matsayin ginshiƙi na tushe.
Wani aikin kula da dabbobi masu matsakaicin girma a lardin Töv, mai nisan kilomita 120 kudu maso yammacin Ulaanbaatar, ya fahimci muhimmancin wannan sauyi. Aikin ya kula da shanu 8,500 na shanu da tumaki 12,000 a kan tsarin gama kiwo, wanda ya samo ciyawa daga hekta 170,000 na wurin kiwo na hunturu da aka ware. Bayan asarar dzud na 2023-2024, ƙungiyar gudanarwa ta kammala da cewa dogaro da ƙarin ciyawar hunturu kawai ba zai yiwu ba. Sun nemi kafa cibiyar kula da abinci mai gina jiki a wurin da za ta iya aiki yadda ya kamata a lokacin hunturun Mongolia, lokacin da yanayin zafi na yanayi ya kan sauko zuwa -30°C kuma wani lokacin ya kai -40°C.
Kalubalen
Makiyayin da ke kiwon shanu a baya yana cin ciyawar ciyawa ta asali da aka ƙara masa sha'ir da alkama, ana raba su da hannu sau biyu a rana ta amfani da na'urorin ciyar da dabbobi da aka jawo daga tarakta. Matsaloli uku masu alaƙa sun haifar da shawarar saka hannun jari a fannin tacewa:
Rage nauyi a yanayi. Bayanan ciki daga hunturu 2022-2023 da 2023-2024 sun nuna matsakaicin asarar nauyi a kowace rana na gram 180-220 a kowace kai a kowace rana a lokacin sanyi na watanni biyar (Nuwamba zuwa Maris). Shanu da suka shiga hunturu da nauyin kilogiram 380-420 yawanci suna bayyana a watan Afrilu da nauyin kilogiram 340-370 - asarar kilogiram 40-50 a kowace dabba wanda ke wakiltar kimanin MNT 320,000-400,000 a cikin ƙimar kasuwa ga kowace kai a farashin naman shanu da ke kan gaba.
Barnar abinci. Ciyar da ciyawa da hatsi a cikin yanayi mai iska ya haifar da kiyasin asarar kashi 25-30%, yayin da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta suka yi ta busawa a wuraren da ake ciyar da su kafin a ci su. Tumaki sun fi shan wahala, inda ƙananan hatsi na sha'ir suka ɓace a cikin dusar ƙanƙara kuma garken ba zai iya isa gare su ba.
Ingancin abincin da aka ci ba daidai ba. An gwada siyan abincin da aka ci daga wani injin niƙa kusa da Ulaanbaatar a lokacin hunturu na 2023, amma ƙarfin pellet bai yi daidai ba. Binciken dakin gwaje-gwaje na filayen da aka saya ya nuna ƙimar Pellet Durability Index (PDI) tana canzawa tsakanin 83% zuwa 88%. Sufuri sama da kilomita 120 na hanyoyin da aka yi da tsakuwa da tsakuwa - tare da yanayin sanyi wanda ya haifar da ƙananan pellets - yana nufin cewa tarar da ake samu a wurin ciyarwa akai-akai ta wuce kashi 18% na nauyi lokacin da aka isa.
Ƙungiyar likitocin dabbobi ta yi nazari kan wani yanayi mai maimaitawa: shanun da suka sha ƙwayoyi masu yawa sun nuna ƙaruwar yawan kamuwa da cutar acidosis ta ruminal, wataƙila ta faru ne sakamakon saurin narkewar ƙwayoyin carbohydrates masu kyau waɗanda ke wucewa da shan ƙwayoyi na yau da kullun. Wannan binciken ya yi daidai da binciken abinci mai gina jiki na dabbobi wanda ya nuna cewa ingancin ƙwayoyin pellet yana shafar lafiyar dabbobin da ke kiwon dabbobi kai tsaye.
Maganin Hongyang
A watan Agusta na 2025, Liyang Hongyang Feed Machinery Co., Ltd. ta kawo kuma ta ƙaddamar da cikakken layin pellet da aka gina a kan injin pellet na HYPM-508 ring die, wanda aka tsara kamar haka:
Injin Pellet: HYPM-508, babban injin 132 kW, diamita na ciki na zobe mai girman mm 508
Ma'aunin Zobe: Bakin ƙarfe X46Cr13, injin tsotsa ya taurare zuwa HRC 54-56, diamita na ramin 6.0 mm, rabon matsi 1:8.5
Tsarin Kwandishan: Na'urar sanyaya daki mai faɗi mai layuka biyu tare da rufin jaket ɗin tururi (lokacin riƙewa na daƙiƙa 55-70, mashin zafin jiki mai nisan 75-80°C a mashigar ruwa)
Kayan Aiki Masu Taimako: Injin niƙa guduma na Hongyang SFSP (90 kW, allo na 3.0 mm), injin haɗa faifan shaft mai shaft biyu (1,000 kg/batch), mai sanyaya iska mai hana kwararar ruwa tare da iska mai rufewa
Tsarin da ake amfani da shi: Tan 4.0-4.5 a kowace awa akan cikakken abincin dabbobi
Shawarwari uku na injiniya sun tabbatar da mahimmanci ga nasarar aikin hunturu:
Tsarin sanyaya yanayi mai sanyi. Yanayin hunturu na Mongolian yana nufin hatsi da aka adana a cikin silos mara zafi na iya kaiwa -25°C ko ƙasa da lokacin ciyarwa. Na'urorin sanyaya yanayi na yau da kullun tare da riƙewa na daƙiƙa 20-30 ba za su iya kawo daskararrun daskararrun daskararrun zuwa zafin gelatinization ba. Ƙungiyar injiniyan Hongyang ta ƙayyade wani mai sanyaya yanayi mai faɗi mai layuka biyu tare da ingantaccen lokacin riƙewa na daƙiƙa 55-70 da kuma allurar tururi a mashaya 5.0 - sama da sandar 3.5-4.0 da ake amfani da ita a yanayin zafi. An naɗe jaket ɗin sanyaya da murfin ulu na ma'adinai na mm 50 kuma an lulluɓe shi da ƙarfe mai galvanized don rage asarar zafi. A lokacin gwaje-gwajen da aka yi a -28°C a cikin yanayi, tsarin ya ci gaba da samun zafin jiki na 75-80°C a wurin shigar da sitaci, wanda ya ba da damar ƙimar gelatinization na sitaci na 35-38% kamar yadda aka tabbatar ta hanyar gwaje-gwajen fenti na iodine.
Inganta rabon matse zobe don abincin dabbobi. Tsarin ciyarwar da aka yi a wurin aiki - kashi 35% na sha'ir, kashi 20% na bran alkama, kashi 25% na ciyawar gida (an niƙa har zuwa 3.0 mm), 15% na abincin rapeseed, kashi 5% na ma'adinai-bitamin premium - ya gabatar da yanayin pelleting mai ƙalubale. Yawan fiber da ke cikin ciyawa da bran yana rage ɗaurewar halitta, yayin da niƙa mai kauri da abinci mai gina jiki na dabbobi ya fi so (1.5-2.5 mm) yana ba da ƙarancin yanki na saman gelatinization na sitaci idan aka kwatanta da abincin kaji da aka niƙa mai kyau. Ƙungiyar aikace-aikacen Hongyang ta gudanar da gwajin kwana huɗu a wurin tare da ainihin tsarin hunturu, suna gwada rabon matsewa na 1:7, 1:8.5, da 1:10. Rabon 1:8.5 — ta amfani da matukin 6.0 mm tare da tsawon matsi mai inganci na 51 mm — ya samar da mafi kyawun daidaito: PDI na 94.6% (Hanyar Holmen, an gwada ta bayan daskarewa na awanni 24 a -30°C don kwaikwayon yanayin jigilar hunturu) tare da takamaiman amfani da makamashi na 22.4 kWh/ton a injin niƙa pellet. Rabon 1:10 ya ƙara PDI kaɗan zuwa 95.8% amma ya ɗaga takamaiman makamashi zuwa 27.1 kWh/ton, ƙarin kashi 21% na tsarin wutar lantarki na injin dizal da injin ba zai iya sha ba. Rabon 1:7 ya samar da PDI na 89.3% kawai, ƙasa da mafi ƙarancin burin aikin na 90%.
Tsarin dumama na'urar da ba ta jure daskarewa ba. Kafin kowace canjin lokacin hunturu, ana sanya na'urar sanyaya zobe da na'urorin juyawa a cikin injin ta hanyar kunna injin ba tare da wani kaya ba, tururi yana gudana ta cikin na'urar sanyaya na tsawon mintuna 25-30, wanda hakan ke ƙara zafin na'urar zuwa 28-32°C kafin fara amfani da na'urar sanyaya daki. Wannan tsari - wanda aka rubuta a cikin tsarin aiki na harshen Mongolian (SOP) wanda injiniyoyin Hongyang da ƙungiyar kula da masu ciyar da abinci suka haɓaka tare - ya kawar da abubuwan da suka faru na toshewar na'urar sanyaya daki da aka gano a matsayin haɗari a lokacin sake duba ƙira.
Sakamako
Bayan watanni goma sha biyu na aiki, gami da cikakken zagayowar hunturu (Nuwamba 2025 zuwa Maris 2026), bayanan samar da kayan abinci na cikin gida da kuma bayanan dabbobi na masu kiwon dabbobi sun rubuta kamar haka:
Canji na Metric Pre-Hongyang (Hutu 2023-2024) Bayan Hongyang (Hutu 2025-2026)
— — — —
Fihirisar Dorewa ta Pellet (PDI) 86.2% (abincin da aka saya) 94.6% (a wurin) + maki 8.4
Tarar abinci a kan gado 18.3% maki 5.1% -13.2
Ribar shanu a lokacin hunturu a kowace rana -0.18 kg/rana (rashi) +0.83 kg/rana (riba) +1.01 kg/rana raga
Ribar tumaki a lokacin hunturu a kowace rana -0.06 kg/rana (rashi) +0.19 kg/rana (riba) +0.25 kg/rana
Yawan ɓatar da abinci 27% 6% -21 maki
Ƙarfin da aka ƙayyade na injin niƙa pellet — 22.4 kWh/tan —
Rayuwar ƙarfin zobe - tan 7,200 (na ci gaba) -
Kudin ciyarwa na shekara-shekara (22,000 t) MNT biliyan 3.41 MNT biliyan 3.32 - MNT miliyan 87
Sauyin da aka yi daga rage nauyin hunturu zuwa karuwar nauyin hunturu yana wakiltar sakamako mafi mahimmanci a fannin tattalin arziki. Ga shanu kawai, canjin daga asarar kilogiram 0.18 a kowace rana zuwa samun kilogiram 0.83 a kowace rana a cikin kwanaki 150 na hunturu yana wakiltar ci gaba mai kyau na kimanin kilogiram 151 a kowace kai - daidai da ƙarin nauyin da za a iya siyarwa wanda aka kimanta a kusan kilogiram 1.2 a kowace dabba a watan Afrilun 2026 farashin naman sa na jimilla. A cikin shanu 8,500, an yi hasashen samun kuɗin shiga na shekara-shekara ya wuce MNT biliyan 10.
Rage asarar abinci daga kashi 27% zuwa 6% - wani ci gaba da kashi 21% - ya haifar da babban kaso na tanadin kuɗin ciyarwa na MNT miliyan 87 a kowace shekara. Tsarin pellet ya kawar da matsalar asarar iska da ta shafi ciyawa da ciyar da hatsi a kan ciyawar da aka buɗe, yayin da ingantaccen juriya ya tabbatar da cewa pellets ɗin sun kasance cikin koshin lafiya ta hanyar rarraba auger na inji da yanayin daskarewa.
Na'urar zoben ta kammala aikin tan 7,200 na wutar lantarki nan da watan Yunin 2026 kuma ta ci gaba da aiki, tare da auna lalacewar ramuka a lokacin dubawa na wata-wata da ke nuna yanayin sutura iri ɗaya a cikin hasashen Hongyang na maye gurbin tan 8,500-9,000 - daidai da aikin da aka rubuta a cikin shari'ar yanayin sanyi na kamfanin Estonia.
Ra'ayin Abokin Ciniki
Batbayar Ganbold, manajan ayyuka na cibiyar ciyar da abinci, ya yi tunani game da aikin a cikin wani bita na watan Yunin 2026:
"Mun yi la'akari da kayan aiki daga masu samar da kayayyaki na China, Turai, da Rasha. Hongyang ya yi nasara a kan shirye-shiryen fasaha. Injiniyoyinsu sun yi mako guda a wurin kafin mu sanya hannu kan kwangilar, suna auna yawan danshi na sha'ir ɗinmu, suna gwada halayen niƙa ciyawa, da kuma nazarin bayanan yanayin hunturu na shekaru biyar da suka gabata. Sun dawo da rabon matse zobe da ƙayyadaddun yanayin sanyaya da aka ƙididdige musamman don kayanmu da yanayinmu - ba shawarar kundin adireshi ba. Babu wani mai samar da kayayyaki da ya yi wannan matakin aikin gida."
Ganbold ya lura cewa adadin mace-macen da makiyaya ke yi a lokacin hunturu - wanda ya kai kashi 6.2% a tsakanin shekarun 2023-2024 - ya ragu zuwa kashi 1.7% a shekarar 2025-2026, wanda ya danganta da farko da dabbobi da ke shiga da kuma kula da yanayin jiki mai kyau a kan abincin da aka yi wa bargo. Ya kara da cewa makiyaya sun fadada karfin kammalawa da mutum 2,000 kuma ya ba da shawarar Hongyang ga wani aiki na makwabtaka da su a lardin Selenge da ke fuskantar irin wannan kalubalen ciyar da hunturu.
Kammalawa
Shari'ar lardin Töv ta nuna cewa yin amfani da fasahar zobe mai kyau wajen yin feshi da kuma sarrafa dabbobin da aka sarrafa yadda ya kamata zai iya canza yanayin kula da dabbobin hunturu a yanayin nahiyar Mongolia. HYPM-508 na Hongyang ya samar da kwalaye masu dorewa da dorewa har tsawon watanni shida na hunturu a jere tare da yanayin zafi na yanayi wanda ya kai -35°C, wanda hakan ya ba da damar aikin ya mayar da asarar nauyi ta yanayi zuwa karuwar nauyi akai-akai. Ginshiƙai uku na fasaha na nasara - tsawaita yanayin da aka yi wa kayan daskararre, daidaiton matsewa don abinci mai yawan fiber, da hanyoyin aiki masu jure daskarewa - suna ba da kwatancen da za a iya maimaitawa ga sabunta fannin ciyar da dabbobi na Mongolia a ƙarƙashin hangen nesa na 2050.
Shari'ar ta kuma nuna wani babban darasi game da sayen kayan aikin ciyarwa a cikin tattalin arzikin dabbobi masu tasowa: darajar injiniyan aikace-aikace ta fi ƙayyadadden ƙayyadaddun bayanai na kundin. Yayin da kasuwar ciyarwar gida ta Mongolia ke ƙaruwa - 6Wresearch tana hasashen cewa ɓangaren zai faɗaɗa a hankali har zuwa 2031, wanda manufofin gwamnati ke jagoranta don ƙarfafa samar da kayayyaki - masu samar da kayan aiki waɗanda ke saka hannun jari a cikin nazarin tsari a wurin da injiniyan musamman kan yanayi za su kasance mafi kyawun matsayi don tallafawa sauyin ƙasar daga tsarin kiwo mai yawa zuwa tsarin kiwon dabbobi masu inganci da juriya.
Lokacin Saƙo: Yuni-27-2026
