Samar da Pellet Mai Inganci ga Kasuwar Ciyar da Raguna a Kazakhstan: Nazarin Masana'antar Pellet Mai Zobe ta Hongyang

Takaitaccen Bayani na Babban Jami'i

Masana'antar ciyar da dabbobi ta Kazakhstan na fuskantar sauyi a tsarinta. A shekarar 2025, kasar ta samar da kimanin tan miliyan 3.7 na abincin dabbobi masu gina jiki ga dabbobin gona - karuwar kashi 54% idan aka kwatanta da shekarar 2024, a cewar kididdigar hukuma da aka ruwaito ta APK-Inform. Yankin Kostanay, daya daga cikin yankuna uku mafiya karfin samar da abinci a kasar, ya ninka yawan amfanin da yake samarwa daga tan 501,000 zuwa tan sama da miliyan 1.05 a wannan lokacin, wanda ya samo asali ne sakamakon karuwar bukatar fitar da dabbobi daga kasar Sin, wanda ya mamaye kashi 99.1% na fitar da tan miliyan 1.7 na abincin dabbobi da Kazakhstan ke fitarwa a cikin watanni takwas na farko na shekarar 2025.

A cikin wannan yanayi mai girma, wani injin niƙa mai matsakaicin girma a yankin Kostanay—wanda ke sarrafa kimanin tan 40,000 na abincin dabbobi kowace shekara don ayyukan shanu da tumaki—ya fuskanci ƙalubale wajen samarwa. Injin niƙa mai tsufa bai iya ci gaba da cimma burin da ake so ba tare da ya lalata ingancin pellet ba, kuma tazarar maye gurbin die ya ragu zuwa matakan da ba su da tattalin arziki. A tsakiyar shekarar 2025, injin niƙa ya kafa injin niƙa mai nau'in Hongyang HYPM wanda aka tsara don abincin dabbobi. A cikin watanni takwas da suka biyo baya, injin niƙa ya sami ƙaruwa da kashi 31% a yawan abin da ake samarwa kowace rana, ingantaccen ci gaba a cikin ma'aunin juriyar pellet, da kuma tsawaita tsawon rayuwar sabis na zobe da sama da kashi 40%. Wannan labarin ya ƙunshi yanayin aiki, mafita ta fasaha, da bayanan aiki da aka lura.

Masana'antar Ciyar da Dabbobi ta Kazakhstan: Yanayi da Girman su

An bayyana yanayin noma na Kazakhstan ta hanyar girmanta. A matsayinta na ƙasa ta tara mafi girma a duniya ta fannin ƙasa, tana da kimanin hekta miliyan 180 na ƙasar noma, wanda wuraren kiwo suka kai kusan kashi 70%. Garken shanu na ƙasar, wanda aka kiyasta ya kai mutum miliyan 8.5 a shekarar 2024, da kuma yawan tumakinta da ya kai mutum miliyan 20, suna wakiltar babban tushen buƙata don ciyar da abinci mai gina jiki.

A tarihi, fannin kiwon dabbobi na Kazakhstan ya dogara ne akan kiwo mai yawa, tare da ƙarin abinci da aka iyakance ga watannin hunturu. Abubuwa uku sun haifar da gagarumin sauyi a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata:

Da farko, manufofin gwamnati. Shirin Jiha na Kazakhstan don Ci gaban Masana'antar Noma, wanda zai gudana har zuwa 2026, ya haɗa da tallafin da aka yi niyya don ayyukan kiwon dabbobi da gina masana'antar ciyar da dabbobi, da nufin ƙara yawan shanun da aka gama da kyau daga ƙasa da kashi 15% zuwa sama da kashi 30%.

Na biyu, buƙatun kasuwar fitar da kaya. Kaso mai yawa na fitar da kayan abinci na Kazakhstan zuwa China, inda matakan aminci da inganci suka ƙara ta'azzara. Masu shigo da kaya na China suna ƙara buƙatar ma'aunin ingancin pellet da aka rubuta - ma'aunin juriyar pellet, daidaiton danshi, da rashin tarar kuɗi - ƙa'idodi masu wahalar cikawa akai-akai tare da kayan aikin pellet na tsufa.

Na uku, buƙatar yanayi. Arewacin Kazakhstan, gami da yankin Kostanay, suna fuskantar yanayi mai tsauri na nahiyar tare da yanayin hunturu a ƙasa da digiri 30 na Celsius. A lokacin ciyar da dabbobi na watanni shida na hunturu, lokacin da dabbobi ke daure kuma sun dogara da abincin da aka adana, ingancin ƙwayar cuta yana zama abin da ke tantance aikin dabbobi kai tsaye. Ƙwayoyin da ke lalacewa yayin sarrafa su suna haifar da tarar da shanu ke rabawa da ƙin su, wanda ke ƙara yawan sharar abinci lokacin da aka riga aka matse gefen da farashin dumama da gidaje.

Kamfanin Niƙa da Kalubalen da Yake Fuskanta

Kamfanin niƙa abincin da ake magana a kai yana kula da wuraren kiwon shanu da kuma ayyukan kammala tumaki a cikin nisan kilomita 150 daga birnin Kostanay. Tsarin kayayyakin da yake samarwa ya ƙunshi nau'ikan abinci guda biyu: tsarin karewa na shanu bisa ga sha'ir, alkama, garin sunflower, da kuma ma'adanai, da kuma tsarin noma na tumaki wanda ya haɗa da abincin alfalfa, sha'ir, da kuma abincin auduga.

Layin gyaran pellet na kamfanin niƙa—wani injin niƙa pellet da aka ƙera a cikin gida wanda aka kafa a shekarar 2012—ya kai ƙarshen rayuwarsa ta hidimar tattalin arziki. Sashen kula da inganci ya rubuta waɗannan batutuwa a cikin shekarar aiki ta 2024:

An rage tazara tsakanin maye gurbin zoben da aka yi da ƙarfe zuwa kimanin sa'o'i 600 na aiki, ƙasa da ƙayyadaddun sa'o'i 1,200 na masana'anta. Lalacewar mutun ta bayyana a matsayin faɗaɗa ramuka masu ci gaba, wanda ya ƙara yawan matsi na saman aiki kuma ya ƙara kuzarin da ake buƙata a kowace tan na ƙuraje da aka samar.

Ma'aunin juriyar pellet, wanda aka auna ta amfani da na'urar gwada Holmen (hanyar huhu), ya ragu daga kashi 93-94% mai karɓuwa zuwa kashi 88-90%. Ga abokan cinikin wurin kiwon shanu na niƙa, waɗanda suka karɓi ƙwayoyin a cikin tireloli masu yawa kuma suka kai su cikin tireloli masu tuƙi a kan titunan da ba a shimfida ba, babban kaso na tarar ya haifar da ƙin dabbobi a kan gadon abinci da kuma ƙaruwar farashi a kowace kilogiram na ƙaruwar nauyin rai.

Yawan amfanin gona ya ragu daga tan 8 na metric a kowace awa zuwa matsakaicin tan 6.2 a kowace awa akan rabon shanu, wanda ya haifar da matsala wajen samar da amfanin gona a lokacin mafi girman lokacin yin odar kafin hunturu daga Agusta zuwa Oktoba, lokacin da masana'antar ke aiki awanni 20-22 a kowace rana.

Lokacin da aka rasa aiki saboda canje-canjen da aka yi wa mutuwa da kuma gyare-gyaren injina masu alaƙa sun kai matsakaicin sa'o'i 12 a kowane wata, ko kuma kusan sa'o'i 144 na samarwa da aka rasa kowace shekara.

Tsarin Injin Pellet na Hongyang

Bayan kimantawa ta fasaha wacce ta haɗa da nazarin ƙarfe, shawarwari kan rabon matsi, da kuma tabbatar da wurin da aka yi amfani da shi, masana'antar ta zaɓi injin niƙa mai siffar zobe na Hongyang HYPM wanda aka ƙiyasta shi da tan 8-12 a kowace awa akan samfuran dabbobi. An ƙaddamar da injin a watan Mayu na 2025. Wasu fasaloli na ƙira da masana'antu sun tabbatar da ingantaccen aikin:

Zobe Die Metallurgy da Heat TreatmentAn ƙera zoben da aka samar da injin niƙa daga ƙarfe mai ƙarfe (mataki na 4Cr13 ko makamancin haka, ya danganta da aikace-aikacensa), tare da tsarin taurarewa mai tsabta wanda ke cimma taurin saman HRC 58-60 yayin da yake riƙe da tauri na tsakiya don tsayayya da karyewa a ƙarƙashin halayen ɗaukar nauyi na yawan fiber. Ana haƙa ramukan dia sannan a gyara su zuwa saman saman Ra 0.8 μm ko mafi kyau a bango na ciki, wanda ke rage gogayya yayin fitar da pellet kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga duka fitarwa da ingancin kuzari.

Zaɓin Rabon Matsi don Ciyar da Raminant: Dangane da takamaiman tsarin niƙa - wanda ya ƙunshi kusan kashi 18-22% na zare mai ɗanɗano daga ƙusoshin sha'ir, abincin sunflower, da alfalfa - injiniyoyin aikace-aikacen Hongyang sun ba da shawarar rabon matsi na 1:9 zuwa 1:10 don rabon shanu da kuma 1:7 zuwa 1:8 don rabon tumaki masu yawan fiber. Waɗannan rabon suna nuna ƙa'idar injiniya cewa babban abincin fiber yana buƙatar ƙaramin matsi don guje wa matsin lamba mai yawa, samar da zafi, da gilashin saman mutu - yanayin da kayan abinci masu zafi suka samar da tauri wanda ke toshe ramukan mutu kuma yana tilasta dakatarwa ba tare da an tsara ba. An samar da mashin zobe daban-daban don kowane tsari, tare da mashin matsi da aka zana ta laser akan jikin mutu don amfani da mai aiki.

Tsarin Taro na Naɗi: An ƙera harsashin na'urar niƙa pellet daga ƙarfe iri ɗaya da ƙarfen ƙarfe da zoben, tare da takamaiman tauri da ya dace wanda ke tabbatar da daidaito tsakanin sassan biyu. Rashin daidaiton lalacewa - inda na'urorin niƙa ke lalacewa da sauri fiye da na'urar niƙa ko akasin haka - shine sanadin raguwar ingancin pellet tsakanin tazara mai kulawa, yayin da gibin da ke tsakanin saman na'urar niƙa da na'urar niƙa ke faɗaɗa kuma matsin lamba na fitarwa ya zama mara daidaituwa. Hanyar da aka daidaita-biyu tana kiyaye daidaiton yanayin nip-point a duk tsawon lokacin sabis.

Tuki Jirgin Ƙasa da Ingantaccen Mota: Kamfanin niƙa yana amfani da akwatin gear mai nauyi tare da giyar helical mai tauri, wanda aka haɗa kai tsaye da injin IE3 mai inganci. Hukumar niƙa ta ƙididdige cewa fa'idar kashi 2-3 na ingancin injin IE3 akan injin IE1 akan injin da aka maye gurbin zai dawo da ƙarin farashin cikin kimanin watanni 14 a farashin wutar lantarki na masana'antu na Kazakhstan na 22-25 KZT kowace kWh (kimanin USD 0.045-0.052).

Sakamakon Aiki: Bayanan Aiki na Wata Takwas

Sashen samar da kayayyaki na masana'antar ne ya tattara bayanai masu zuwa na tsawon watan Yuni na 2025 zuwa Janairu na 2026 (watanni takwas), idan aka kwatanta da daidai lokacin a shekarar 2024:

Abubuwa da dama da aka lura sun cancanci a kula da su:

Ingantaccen rabon shanu ya zarce rabon tumaki da maki 6.1 cikin ɗari, daidai da yawan sinadarin zare na naman da aka samar yana iyakance yawan barbashi ba tare da la'akari da ƙarfin injin ba. Wannan siffa ce ta kayan aiki, ba iyakancewar kayan aiki ba.

Rage amfani da makamashi na kimanin kashi 15% a cikin duka nau'ikan biyu yana bin diddigin kimantawar masana'antu game da fa'idar da za a iya samu lokacin haɓakawa daga injin pellet mai shekaru goma zuwa injin samar da wutar lantarki na yanzu tare da ma'aunin zobe mai kyau. A cikin yawan samar da injin na shekara-shekara na tan 40,000, wannan yana nufin kimanin kWh 92,000 da aka adana kowace shekara - kimanin KZT miliyan 4.2 a ƙimar masana'antu da ke da yawa.

Tsawaita tsawon lokacin aiki na zoben ƙarfe daga awanni 600 zuwa 880 yana nuna ci gaba da kashi 46.7%. Manajan samar da kayan masana'antar ya lura cewa ainihin fa'idar tattalin arziki tana ƙasa da farashin kayan ƙarfe fiye da lokacin da aka guji dakatarwa: kowace canjin kayan ƙarfe tana cinye awanni 6-8, kuma tana rage yawan canjin daga kimanin awanni 14 a kowace shekara zuwa awanni 9 da aka 'yanta, wanda ya kai ƙarin awanni 30-40 a kowace shekara.

Me Yasa Ingancin Zoben Ruwa Yake Da Muhimmanci Ga Abincin Raminant

Fasa kwakwar abincin dabbobi yana da ƙalubale daban-daban na injiniya idan aka kwatanta da kaji ko abincin ruwa. Yawan sinadarin fiber - yawanci kashi 15-25% na zare mai ɗanyen abu idan aka kwatanta da kashi 3-5% na abincin broiler - yana nufin cewa dole ne a cire kayan da ke da sinadarin fiber mai ƙarfi da kuma ƙarin kuzari don fitar da shi.

Hulɗar da ke tsakanin zare da saman mutu abu ne na injiniya maimakon sinadarai: zare na cellulose da hemicellulose ba sa yin robobi yayin gyaran fuska kamar yadda sitaci ke yi. Suna ratsa ramukan mutu a matsayin gine-gine marasa tsari, suna lalata bangon ramuka kuma a hankali suna faɗaɗa diamita mai inganci. Yayin da diamita ke ƙaruwa, ingantaccen rabon matsi yana raguwa, kuma ikon mutun na samar da ƙananan ƙwayoyin halitta masu ɗorewa yana raguwa. Taurin zobe - musamman daidaiton tauri ta hanyar cikakken kauri - shine babban abin da ke ƙayyade rayuwar aiki a aikace-aikacen dabbobi.

Tsarin taurarewar injin Hongyang, wanda ke samun tauri mai daidaito ta jikin mashin maimakon a saman aiki kawai, yana magance wannan yanayin gazawa kai tsaye. Fadadawar kashi 46.7% a cikin tsawon lokacin aiki da aka lura a injin Kostanay ya yi daidai da abin da masana'antar ƙarfe ke hasashen ga mashin ƙarfe na ƙarfe akan abincin mashin ɗin matsakaiciyar fiber.

Wani fa'ida ta biyu ita ce rage bambancin taurin pellet a cikin rukuni-rukuni. Tare da na'urar da ta gabata, juriyar pellet na iya bambanta da maki 3-4 cikin ɗari tsakanin sabon diesel da aka sanya da kuma ƙarshen rayuwa da ke gabatowa. Sabuwar diesel ta rage wannan kewayon zuwa kimanin maki 1.5 cikin ɗari - yana sauƙaƙa tabbatar da inganci da rage koke-koken abokan ciniki.

Gamsuwa da Ra'ayoyin Abokan Ciniki

Abokan cinikin da ke cikin masana'antar—masallatan kiwon shanu da ayyukan kammala tumaki da ke siyan ƙwayoyinsa—suna ba da tabbacin haɓakawar kayan aiki a waje. Wani bincike da ƙungiyar tallace-tallace ta masana'antar ta gudanar a watan Disamba na 2025, wanda ya shafi manyan asusun ciyar da abinci guda 12, ya mayar da martani mai zuwa:

Manajoji tara daga cikin goma sha biyu na masu ciyar da abinci sun ba da rahoton raguwar tarar da aka samu a bayyane lokacin isar da pellet. Wani manaja, wanda ya kammala kusan mutum 3,000 a kowace shekara, ya ƙididdige ci gaban: "A da, za mu ga santimita 8-10 na tarar a ƙasan kowace tan 25. Yanzu koyaushe yana ƙasa da santimita 3."

Masu amsa bakwai sun lura cewa ƙwayoyin suna riƙe siffarsu da kyau yayin rarraba auger, wanda hakan ya rage matsalolin gadawa da toshewar abinci. Rukunin abinci guda huɗu da ke kula da bayanan canza abinci sun ba da rahoton ingantaccen rabon ciyarwa-da-samu, kodayake injin ɗin yana taka tsantsan game da danganta wannan kawai da ingancin ƙwayoyin cuta saboda rikitar da canjin yanayin zafi, kwayoyin halitta, da kuma kula da kan gado.

Tumakin da ke cikin masana'antar suna ciyar da abokan ciniki—ƙananan ayyuka da suka ƙare da mutum 500-2,000—sun ba da rahoton irin wannan lura, tare da mai da hankali kan rage ɓarnar da ake yi a cikin ruwa. Tumaki, waɗanda suka fi son ciyar da shanu fiye da na shanu, suna rarrabawa da ƙin tara da ƙarfi, wanda hakan ya sa ingancin pellet ya zama mahimmanci musamman ga wannan ɓangaren.

Kammalawa

Sashen ciyar da abinci na Kazakhstan yana faɗaɗawa a wani mataki da zai ci gaba da ƙarfafa kayayyakin samar da kayayyaki da ake da su. Kwarewar da kamfanin sarrafa pellet na yankin Kostanay ya samu tare da kamfanin sarrafa pellet na Hongyang HYPM ya nuna wata manufa mai faɗi: a cikin kasuwa mai tasowa mai girma, shawarar jari kan kayan aikin pellet dole ne ta yi la'akari da tattalin arzikin zagayowar rayuwa gaba ɗaya - amfani da makamashi, tsawon lokacin sabis na mutu, farashin lokacin hutu, da gamsuwar abokan ciniki - maimakon farashin siye kawai.

Bayanan aiki da aka rubuta a masana'antar Kostanay, wacce ta shafe watanni takwas tana ci gaba da samarwa a ƙarƙashin yanayi mai wahala na yanayi da aiki, tana ba da tabbacin abin da masana'antun abinci ke fuskanta irin wannan ƙalubale a Kazakhstan da kuma faɗin kasuwar Tsakiyar Asiya. Ga Hongyang, wannan shari'ar ta ƙarfafa ikon kamfanin na samar da mafita na musamman ga na'urorin sarrafa zobe da pellet don abincin dabbobi—wani ɓangare da ke buƙatar kulawa ta musamman ga aikin ƙarfe, injiniyan rabon matsi, da dorewa a ƙarƙashin yanayin aiki mai abrasive.